A Lean-theoretic framework extending TPS to information-system architecture

Mohammad Rashid Azarang Esfandiari · Mohammad Reza Azarang Esfandiari, Ph.D.

Develops a theory of structural waste — operational inefficiency from architectural misalignment, distinct from technical debt and process waste. Proposes a five-layer modal architecture (Data, Logic, Interface, Orchestration, Feedback) and measurement instruments (LSI and SWAT).